{"id":1087,"date":"2020-06-18T15:54:24","date_gmt":"2020-06-18T13:54:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inositoli.it\/the-difference-between-inositolo-myo-inositolo-and-d-chiro-inositolo\/"},"modified":"2020-09-01T15:32:39","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T13:32:39","slug":"the-difference-between-inositol-myo-inositol-and-d-chiro-inositol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inositoli.com\/en\/the-difference-between-inositol-myo-inositol-and-d-chiro-inositol\/","title":{"rendered":"The difference between inositol, myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

Introduction<\/h2>\r\nThe history of inositol is a fascinating and somewhat complex story. It is also an ancient story, as inositol exists since there is life on earth. <\/strong>Molecule with great stability, inositol plays key functions at biological level so important as to be considered as prebiotic molecule.\r\n
INOSITOL PLAYS KE FUNCTIONS AT BIOLOGICAL LEVEL<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nBut what is inositol? What is it for? And, above all, what difference is there between myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFrom the United States, to China, to Italy, we retrace the key steps of scientists and researchers who have studied the functions, differences and therapeutic applications of inositols since their discovery.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSo let’s start from 1850 when Johanes Joseph Scherer first isolated inositol <\/strong>from a muscle, which it takes its name from (inos = muscle in Greek).[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

What is inositol?<\/h2>\r\nInositol is a natural molecule<\/strong> found in the phospholipids of cell membranes, in the lipoproteins of the plasma and, in the form of phosphate, in the cell nucleus.\r\n\r\nWhen we talk about inositol, we actually refer to a group of nine different stereoisomers<\/strong>, so it would be more correct to use the plural “Inositols”. Among these, however, the term inositol is generally used to refer to the most bioavailable type, myo-inositol.<\/strong>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/inositols-1.png” _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″ title_text=”inositols”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]
THE TERM INOSITOL IS GENERALLY USED FOR REFER TO THE MOST BIOAVAILABLE TYPE, MYO-INOSITOL<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nAfter Scherer’s discovery, several researchers dedicated their time to the study of myo-inositol in organs over the following years.\r\n\r\nIn 1964, Eisenberg and Bolden<\/strong> discovered that the testes were rich in free myo-inositol, as well as the seminal fluid, where the concentration is almost triple that found in plasma [1].[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

Difference between myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol<\/h2>\r\nMyo-inositol has a chemical structure similar to glucose and is involved in cell signaling. In particular, it is able to stimulate glucose uptake, promoting the decrease in blood levels.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/inositol-structure.png” _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″ title_text=”inositol-structure”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]D-chiro inositol, myo-inositol stereoisomer, is also involved in insulin signaling: both, as inositolophosphoglycans, are “second messengers of insulin”.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHowever, although their biological functions are often confused, it is good to remember that they play different roles.<\/strong>\r\n
MYO AND D-CHIRO INOSITOL, AS INOSITOLOFOSFOGLICANS, ARE BOTH “SECOND MESSENGERS” OF THE INSULIN, BUT THEY CARRY OUT DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nIt was the scientist Larner in 1988<\/strong> who intuited that myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol were part of two different insulin chemical mediators.<\/strong> Although very similar, the functions of the two isomers are different.\r\n\r\nIn fact, myo is involved in the transporters activation and the use of glucose, while d-chiro is involved in the glycogen synthesis and storage.\r\n
MYO-INOSITOL IS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSPORTERS ACTIVATION AND THE USE OF GLUCOSE, WHILE D-CHIRO IS MAINLY INVOLVED IN THE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE. <\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nThe differences between the two molecules were in-depth studied in the attempt to find a therapeutic response to a syndrome known as PCOS or polycystic ovary syndrome.<\/strong>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

Myo and D-Chiro in PCOS<\/h2>\r\nAs anticipated, it was Larner in the late 1980s<\/strong> who first supposed that myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol were part of two different insulin chemical mediators. In the same years, in the gynecological field, PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) started to be correlated to the insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. It was shown that the ovary has insulin receptors and that the androgens production depends on them.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAt ovarian level, myo and d-chiro inositol play different roles:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • myo-inositol<\/strong> mediates glucose uptake<\/strong> and FSH signal<\/strong> (follicle stimulating hormone).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/fsh-hormone.png” _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″ title_text=”fsh-hormone”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]
      \r\n \t
    • d-chiro-inositol<\/strong> is involved in the insulin-dependent synthesis of androgens<\/strong> and promotes glucose storage<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn the ovaries of a healthy woman, 99% of the inositol intracellular pool is made up of Myo-inositol, while the remaining part is made up of D-chiro-inositol.\r\n\r\nAnother important difference between myo and d-chiro is the respective presence and distribution in the tissues.<\/strong> In fact, each tissues regulates the production of the two inositols myo and d-chiro in such a way to always have a specific ratio [2].\r\n
      MYO AND D-CHIRO INOSITOL HAVE A DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE TISSUES<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nIn PCOS women<\/strong>, we observe a myo deficiency at ovarian level<\/strong> causing an impairment of the FSH signal.\r\n\r\nResearch has also showed how d-chiro is synthesized from myo-inositol. In other words, a small amount of myo-inositol is converted into d-chiro inositol<\/strong> by an enzyme<\/strong> called epimerase<\/strong> which in turn is stimulated by insulin.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

      Therapeutic uses of myo-inositol<\/h2>\r\nIn 1992 Prof. Chiu<\/strong>, a researcher at the University of Hong Kong, was one of the first to demonstrate the efficacy of the myo-inositol treatment in women seeking pregnancy, strengthening the correlation between the presence of myo-inositol and fertility.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nToday, myo-inositol represents a safe and effective therapy that finds therapeutic application for various ailments and pathologies:<\/strong>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • In PCOS<\/strong>, the administration of myo-inositol resulted in the remission of symptoms and the reduction of male hormones secretion; but also the regulation of cholesterol levels, a more efficient breakdown of fats with a consequent decrease in appetite and weight. (Also read: Myo-inositol and polycystic ovary syndrome)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n
          \r\n \t
        • As regard male infertility<\/strong>, inositol has improved, according to several studies, motility and sperm count, while it improves the oocyte and embryonic quality in women.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Again, myo-inositol induces an increase in the sensitivity of the serotonin receptor, also known as the good mood hormone, with benefits on anxiety disorders<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n \r\n
              \r\n \t
            • The benefits of inositol have been also investigated as regard the diabetes and the prevention of metabolic syndrome.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

              D-chiro-inositol<\/h2>\r\nThe use of<\/strong> D-chiro-inositol alone <\/strong>to treat PCOS <\/strong>women dates back to the late 1990s by a group of American researchers. In a well-known study, Nestler<\/strong> reported innovative results on the use of d-chiro-inositol for the treatment of PCOS. He showed that with the use of 1.200 mg of D-chiro-inositol for 8 weeks, it was possible to improve insulin sensitivity, ovarian function, reduce androgens and triglyceride levels in obese PCOS patients, and restore the menstrual cycle .\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, these apparently surprising results were not reconfirmed in subsequent studies.<\/strong> A crucial difference compared to the first clinical trials concerned precisely the dosages of D-chiro inositol, increased to 2.400 mg. These results led to an interruption of the trials. [1]\r\n
              THE FIRST POSITIVE RESULTS ON D-CHIRO INOSITOL WERE NOT RECONFIRMED IN THE FOLLOWING STUDIES, SO MUCH THAT THE RESEARCH WAS STOPPED. WHY?<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nAs anticipated, d-chiro-inositol is partially converted by Myo through epimerase, an insulin-sensitive enzyme. Myo-inositol is instead the most abundant.\r\n\r\nBut, in compromised health conditions such as PCOS, the situation changes.\r\n\r\nIn fact, in PCOS women the activity of the epimerase enzyme is increased: this induces a substantial reduction of Myo and D-chiro ratio at intraovarian level, because there is an enhanced conversion of myo to d-chiro due to the excessive levels of circulating insulin.<\/strong>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/epimerase.png” _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″ title_text=”epimerase”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]This phenomenon, better known as the ovarian paradox<\/strong>, arises from an intuition, subsequently demonstrated through experimental data:<\/strong> since the ovary is never insulin resistant<\/strong> and that the activity of epimerase (mediated by insulin) was more understood in women PCOS, causing a myo-inositol deficiency and therefore a reduced oocyte quality [3].\r\n
              THE INTUITION ON OVARIAN PARADOX, SUPPORTED BY CLINICAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MYO-INOSITOL-BASED TREATMENTS OF PCOS AND FOR FERTILITY, OFFER AN ANSWER TO THE CONTRADICTIVE RESULTS ON THERAPIES WITH HIGH DOSAGE OF D-CHIRO-INOSITOL ALONE FOR PROLONGED PERIODS.<\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nHowever, the role of d-chiro in reducing insulin levels remains irrefutable.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

              Myo and D-chiro 40:1: a question of balance<\/h2>\r\nStarting from the intuition on the ovarian paradox, and the different roles that myo and d-chiro play, a group of Italian scientists focused the attention on the importance of a correct myo and D-chiro inositol supplementation<\/strong>, taking into account the need to restore the impairment<\/strong> by restoring the correct myo\/d-chiro ratio at ovarian level too.<\/strong>\r\n
              But the question is: which is the optimal dosage to take advantage of the d-chiro-inositol efficacy without compromising the ovarian functionality?<\/em><\/strong><\/blockquote>\r\nTo answer this question, we try to summarize some fundamental assumptions, reaffirmed in a review published recently in one of the most authoritative endocrinology journals in the world, Cell Press [4].\r\n\r\n1) The myo\/d-chiro-inositol ratio is specific tissue.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n2) In healthy women, Myo and D-chiro physiological ratio in the follicular fluid is 100:1, namely a myo-inositol abundance and only a small part of d-chiro inositol [5].\r\n\r\n3) In PCOS<\/strong> women, at ovarian level, this ratio is dramatically altered<\/strong> to the detriment of myo-inositol, while there is an excess of d-chiro inositol, due to the high epimerase activity and hyperinsulinemia [3].\r\n\r\n4) Myo deficiency at ovarian level in PCOS women compromises the FSH signal<\/strong>, the key hormone for follicles maturation, resulting in a reduced oocyte quality<\/strong>, anovulation and subfertility. Therefore, Myo-inositol plays a crucial role in FSH signaling, oocyte maturation and embryonic development [4].\r\n\r\n5) Unlike myo-inositol, the role played by d-chiro-inositol at ovarian level remains controversial<\/strong>, with a worsening of the oocyte quality and ovarian response when high doses of d-chiro inositol for prolonged periods are used <\/strong>[6].[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

              Conclusions<\/h2>\r\nFinally, considering the specific Myo and D-chiro-inositol ratio (remember the 100:1 ratio in the ovary) and the different physiological roles of the two inositols, the combined oral therapy of Myo and D-chiro inositol in the 40:1 ratio (the physiological plasma ratio) has been proposed as an alternative and effective treatment for PCOS women [4].[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.3.3″]

              Sources<\/h2>\r\n[1] Inositoli: storia e personaggi di una terapia efficace, V. Unfer, Minerva Medica, Int J. Endocrinol Vittorio Unfer, John E. Nestler, Zdravko A. Kamenov, Nikos Prapas, and Fabio Facchinetti, 2014\r\n\r\n[2] Vittorio Unfer, John E. Nestler, Zdravko A. Kamenov, Nikos Prapas, and Fabio Facchinetti – Effects of Inositol(s) in Women with PCOS: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, International Journal of Endocrinology 2016\r\n\r\n[3] Douglas Heimark, Jan McAllister and Joseph Larner1) Decreased myo-inositol to chiro-inositol (M\/C) ratios and increased M\/C epimerase activity in PCOS theca cells demonstrate increased insulin sensitivity compared to controls, Endocrine Journal 2014, 61 (2), 111-117\r\nhttps:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/endocrj\/61\/2\/61_EJ13-0423\/_pdf\/-char\/en\r\n\r\n[4] Antonio Simone Lagan\u00e0, Inositol in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Restoring Fertility through a Pathophysiology- Based Approach, Cell Press, 2018\r\n\r\n[5] Unfer V, Carlomagno G, Rizzo P, Raffone E, Roseff S. Myo-inositol rather than D-chiro-inositol is able to improve oocyte quality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. A prospective, controlled, randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15(4): 452-457. (FF 100:1)\r\n\r\n[6] Can high levels of D-chiro-inositol in follicular fluid exert detrimental effects on blastocyst quality? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci K. Ravanos, G. Monastra, T. Pavlidou, M. Goudakou, N. Prapas, 2017[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n\n\n\n
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              \n 3.9\/5 - (39 votes) <\/div>\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Molecule with great stability, inositol plays key functions at biological level so important as to be considered as prebiotic molecule.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1233,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-myo-inositol"],"yoast_head":"\nThe difference between inositol, myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol - Inositoli<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inositoli.com\/en\/the-difference-between-inositol-myo-inositol-and-d-chiro-inositol\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The difference between inositol, myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol - 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