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Myo-inositol is a chemical compound found in most life forms<\/strong>. It was discovered in muscle more than 150 years ago, but it is in the past 30 years<\/strong> that it has aroused strong interest from the scientific community<\/strong> because it has been recognized as a basic element of inositol 3-phosphate which acts as a second messenger in different cellular systems.<\/strong><\/p>\n In recent years, an alteration of insulin signaling has been recognized as the main cause of the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).<\/u><\/strong> PCOS is the most common cause of infertility and affects more than 10% of women of reproductive age. Since the improvement of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance is among the main objectives in the management of the syndrome, new non-pharmacological approaches have been introduced.<\/p>\n The recent introduction of inositol in PCOS management has proven effective and safe in countering its effects.<\/p>\n In this article we will provide a detailed overview of myo-inositol, going to analyze what it is, what its benefits are, where it is found and in which foods and when it is important to integrate it.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”cosa-e” _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.2″]<\/p>\n Inositol is a compound that belongs to the family of B vitamins<\/strong> and recently it has been discovered that it is also produced in large quantities in the body, starting from D-glucose.<\/p>\n 99% of inositol in nature is present in the form of the myo-inositol (MYO) isomer<\/strong>, the remaining 1% is in the form of D-chiro-inositol (DCI).<\/p>\n MYO represents the structural basis of numerous second messengers, thus participating in various processes such as:<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/role-od-myo-inositol.png” title_text=”role-od-myo-inositol” _builder_version=”4.4.8″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.2″]This is widespread in vegetables: green beans, peas, asparagus, walnut leaves, grape extract, pears, cherries, apples, tomatoes, yeast and carrots. In oats, maize and cereals it is generally present as a component of lecithins, in the form of phytic acid.<\/p>\n Animal tissues, especially the brain and muscles, are rich in it. High quantities of myo-inositol are present in the sperm, oocyte and embryo during the early stages of embryonic development.<\/p>\n MYO is also synthesized endogenously from glucose 6-phosphate, and is found at the level of cell membranes such as phosphatidylinositol phosphate, i.e. linked to membrane phospholipids. In addition, it is converted into D-chiro-inositol by an insulin-dependent epimerase [1].<\/p>\n This natural molecule is particularly important as it regulates the activity of different hormones:<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/myo-inositol-hormones.png” title_text=”myo-inositol-hormones” _builder_version=”4.4.8″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”dove-si-trova” _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.2″]<\/p>\n In 1850, Johann Joseph Scherer isolated from the muscle a hexahydroxy-cyclohexane which he called “Inositol” [from the ancient Greek \u00ecs (in-, “sinew, fiber”), -ose (which indicates a carbohydrate), -ite (” ester “), -ol (” an alcohol “)] [2].<\/p>\n His discovery aroused the interest of numerous academics for inositol and its derivatives.<\/p>\n In 1887, after extracting the inositol from some leaves, Maquenne coined the definition of its structure in cyclohexanol [3]. Nine possible forms of stereoisomers<\/strong> can occur after the epimerization of the six OH- groups: cis-, epi, allo-, myo-, neo-, scyllo, L-chiro-, D-chiro- and muco- ins.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/inositols-1.png” title_text=”inositols” _builder_version=”4.4.8″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.2″]<\/p>\n Over the years, researchers from all over the world have extended the investigation to search for MYO concentrations in different organs and tissues. Eisenberg and Bolden in 1964 discovered that the testicles were rich in MYO in free form [5]. Further studies have also shown the presence of high levels of this substance in the prostate, epididymis and seminal vesicles. Seminal fluid is one of the richest sources of inositol with an almost triple concentration compared to that found in plasma.<\/p>\n At the end of the 1980s, Larner studied the action of intracellular insulin mediators with the aim of identifying new potential active ingredients effective in the treatment of diabetic diseases.<\/strong><\/p>\n Larner proposed, for the first time, the existence of multiple insulin mediators, suggesting that after the binding of insulin to its receptor, the second step could evolve in different paths, depending on the mediator stimulated.<\/p>\n In 1988, he concluded that MYO and DCI are chemical mediators of insulin and that act through different mechanisms of action by activating different intracellular pathways, in relation to the tissue involved [6].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n To learn more read: D-chiro-inositol: what it is, use and benefits<\/u><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/myo-inositol-d-chiro-inositol-larner.png” title_text=”myo-inositol-d-chiro-inositol-larner” _builder_version=”4.4.8″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”a-cosa-serve” _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n When we talk about inositol we have to be careful, because we refer in general to a number of 9 molecules, the difference of which is given by the spatial arrangement of the chemical group -OH.<\/p>\n Myo-inositol is the most present in nature<\/strong>. Thanks to a specific enzyme, it is converted into another stereoisomer, D-chiro-inositol, less abundant and which plays a different role from myo-inositol within the human body. A peculiarity of these two inositols is their distribution in the tissues [7]. In fact, each tissue and \/ or organ maintains a specific relationship of these two molecules, fundamental for correct functionality.<\/p>\n Each tissue has a different MI: DCI ratio specific for the functions performed and the plasma ratio of MYO and DCI is 40:1.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n To learn more read: The true story of MYO and D-Chiro 40:1<\/u><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n MYO constitutes 99% of the intracellular pool of inositols in the tissues, while the remainder is DCI. In particular, in the follicles high concentrations of MYO can support the correct maturation of the oocyte. Scientific studies have shown that, people with PCOS the ratio of Myo-inositol\/D-chiro-inositol is altered compared to healthy subjects,instead. It is essential to re-establish and maintain this specific MYO:DCI relationship to optimally treat PCOS.<\/p>\n MI and DCI carry out various activities within the body: MI mainly promotes the absorption of glucose, while DCI promotes the synthesis of glycogen.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n To learn more read: The difference between inositol, Myo-inositol and D-Chiro-inositol<\/u><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”inositolo-negli-alimenti” _builder_version=”4.4.2″ custom_margin=”||||false|false”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.3.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Myo-inositol is second messenger of FSH, the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone which helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/inositoli.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/fsh-hormone.png” title_text=”fsh-hormone” _builder_version=”4.4.8″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.8″ hover_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The ovarian reserve<\/strong> is defined as the number and quality of the oocytes<\/strong> present in the organism at a given time.<\/p>\n These two parameters are closely related: in women who have few residual oocytes, the same are also of poor quality.<\/strong> Numerous studies have shown how supplementation with MYO can promote the improvement of the oocyte quality through a molecular system of calcium displacement always active and functional for the correct growth of the oocytes.<\/p>\n MYO supplementation<\/strong> is also effective in improving glycemic tolerance<\/strong> and appears to have a promising role in preventing the onset of diabetes in pregnant women at high risk for the development of gestational diabetes [7].<\/p>\n There were several risk factors tested in some clinical studies (positive history, borderline hyperglycaemia in the first trimester, obesity) and which showed how MYO was able to prevent the onset of gestational diabetes in all cases.<\/p>\n An important meta-analysis assessed the protective effect of MYO which led to a significant reduction in the onset of gestational diabetes equal to 80%, compared to non-treatment [8].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n The integration with myo-inositol becomes clinically relevant when the effectiveness is associated with the reduction of related morbidity, such as hypertension and the risk of developing type II diabetes over time.<\/p>\nWhat is Myo-inositol and where to find it<\/h2>\n
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History of Myo Inositol<\/h2>\n
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Difference between inositols: myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol<\/h2>\n
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Myo-inositol: properties and benefits<\/h2>\n
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